The Rise and Fall of Enron - 2970 Words

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Feedback Name of the Assessor Learning Outcomes Assessment Criteria (AC) Assessor Feedback LO 1 Understand the relationship between strategic management and leadership 1.1 Explain the link between strategic management and leadership 1.2 Analyze the impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions 1.3 Evaluate how leadership styles can be adapted to different situations LO 2 Be able to apply management and leadership theory to support organizational direction 2.1 review the impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organizational strategy 2.2 create a leadership strategy that†¦show more content†¦Enron took advantage of this and ventured into the power business, this resulted it being the bread and butter for the company, both as an energy company and a Wall Street type trading firm. Lay then employed Jeffery Skilling to further develop and redefine Enron’s business strategy. He proposed a new business model which was buying gas from suppliers and selling it to consumers. (Peter Ross 2002) this resulted in profits due to guaranteed supply and sales price and eventually a fixed commission involved in the transactions (Thomas, 2002) It is widely known that the influence along with the clearly exhibited leadership styles by Skilling who first served as the COO (Chief Operating Officer) and later went on to become the CEO, played a definitive role in leading the company to bankruptcy. According to Seabury, 2011, Skilling had a way of concealing financial loses of the company by adopting the marl to market accounting practice. Skillings also hired Andrew Fastow who created (SPE) Special Purpose Entities. SPEs were used to conceal low performing assets and to keep these off Enron’s financial books. SPEs were then compensated through shares in Enron. 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Guy De Maupassant s `` The Necklace `` And The Story ``...

â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† â€Å"The Necklace† In today s society we tend to see people live above their means. The reason why I may be picked or even chose. In the short story by author Guy De Maupassant, â€Å"The Necklace† and the story â€Å"Good Man Is Hard to Find† by Flannery O Connor is because both stories have many similarities that we can say that they are combined but different tragedies. The ladies show that they see themselves as important in these stories. These ladies are more concerned about their appearance and impressions on other people. These ladies refuse to admit that they are wrong in their decisions. These ladies also suffer from pride in both stories. First, â€Å"Good Man Is Hard To Find† to find that the grandmothers pride was manifested. The evidence shows that the grandmother believes herself to be better than others. The grandmother wants everyone to realize she’s a lady at all means. In contrast, the grandmother try to manipulate her grandchildren. 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Relation Between Crime, Poverty and Education in Usa Free Essays

————————————————- Statistical analysis of the relation between Crime Rate, Education and Poverty: USA, 2009 Sonarika Mahajan 100076 Research Question In this research paper, analysis is done to conclude whether the level of education and poverty influence the total crime rate in the United States of America. Using descriptive statistics such a mean, standard deviation, variance, histograms, scatter diagrams and simple linear regression analysis performed upon both independent variables separately, it can be analysed till what extent do these two independent variables, i. . We will write a custom essay sample on Relation Between Crime, Poverty and Education in Usa or any similar topic only for you Order Now education and poverty cause fluctuations upon the dependent variable, in what proportion (direct or inverse) and of the two independent variables, which is a better predictor for determining crime rate in USA. Data description [The states selected for this study are highlighted with yellow in the above map] The Data that is used to define our dependent variable include both, violent crime (murder and non- negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) as well as property crime (burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson). Crime statistics used in this study are published by FBI (Federal Bureau of Intelligence) serving as a governmental agency to the United States Department of Justice. The independent variable that comments upon the education levels in the United States of America is carried out by analysing the total number of public high school graduates per state. This data includes students of all the ethnicities for the school year 2008-2009. The education universe in this study is equivalent to the total population of the state. This data has been collected by National Centre for Education Statistics (NCES), which is the primary federal entity that collects education related data in the U. S. and other countries and analyses it. The poverty status for an individual is measured by comparing his/her income to a preset amount of dollars known as the threshold value. The poverty universe excludes children below the age of 15, people living in military barracks, institutional group quarters and college dormitories. This data is collected by the U. S. Census Bureau, serving as the most reliable source about America’s people and economy. All the data collected is cross-sectional, since it was taken during the same time period (year 2009) across different parameters. Also, the scale of measurement for these variables is the ratio scale, since the ratio between two values is meaningful and the observations are comparable to a zero value. Analysis Mean: It is the representative of a central value for a given data set, i. e. average. The mean value for crime variable suggests that in the year 2009, the percentage of crimes being reported in any state of USA was 3. 26%. The mean value for education variable suggests that the percentage of public high school graduates being reported in any state of USA was 1% for the same time period. Similarly, the mean value for the poverty variable suggests that the percentage of individuals living below the poverty line being reported in any state of USA was 13. 54%. Standard deviation Variance: The higher the value of the standard deviation, greater is the dispersion of the data set. Out of the three variables, poverty has the highest standard deviation value of 2. 98. Therefore, the percentage of individuals below poverty level is more widely dispersed over the states as compared to the other two variables. Variance is the average of the sum of squared deviation scores. It is used to compute the standard variation since it’s a better means for determining the dispersion of data. It is measured as the square of standard deviation for any data set. Skewness: The symmetry of the variable distribution is measured by the help of this statistic. Crime rate has a skewness of 0. 083, making it a symmetrical distributed variable since the value is closer to zero. The education variable is skewed negatively at -. 67 since the variable has lower values, indicating a left skewed histogram. Whereas, poverty shows a positive skewness value of . 670 since its variables have numerous high values, which justifies the right skewness of the histogram. Simple linear regression model: a. Crime and Education – Y = Dependent variable, Crime X = Independent variable, Education. The regression model is the equation that describes how y is related to x. This regression equation is: From Table 2. 4 in appendix, the regression equation is, Crime = 6. 17 – 2. 9 (Education) This regression equation can be graphed as follows assuming ? 0 as the intercept and ? as the slope: Here the slope ? 1 is negative. Interpretation of the slope: For every 1% increase in the number of students being graduated from high school, there is a decrease of 2. 9% in crime activities in the USA. Interpretation of the intercept: Even if there is no variation in the education level, the estimated crime rate would be 6. 17%. The coefficient of determination or r2: It determines the proportion of variation in the dependent variable by the independent variable. From Table 2. 2, r2 = . 181 This states that 18. 1% of the variation in crime rate is explained by regression of education on crime. Since this value is not close to 1, it doesn’t seem to be a appropriate predictor to determine the crime rate in USA. Hypothesis testing: Ho: ? 1 = 0 (education is not a useful predictor of crime) Ha: ? 1 ? 0 (education is a useful predictor of crime) Significance level: ? = 0. 05 According to the rejection rule, the null hypothesis will be rejected if p-value ? ?. From table 2. 4, p-value = 0. 019 Since 0. 019 ? 0. 05, we reject the null hypothesis. At 95% confidence level, there is enough evidence to conclude that education is a useful predictor for crime in USA since the slope of the regression line is not zero. b. Crime and Poverty: Y = Dependent variable, Crime X = Independent variable, Poverty. The regression equation is as follows: Plugging in the values to from Table 3. 4, get: Crime = 1. 819 + 0. 107 (Poverty) This regression equation can be graphed as follows assuming ? 0 as the intercept and ? 1 as the slope: Here the slope ? 1 is positive. Interpretation of the slope: For every 1% increase in the individuals below poverty line, there is an increase of . 11% in crime activities in the USA. Interpretation of the intercept: With the poverty level remaining constant, the estimated crime rate would be 1. 82%. The coefficient of determination or r2 From Table 3. 2, r2 = . 191 This states that 19. 1% of the variation in crime rate is explained by regression of poverty on crime. Hypothesis testing: Ho: ? 1 = 0 (poverty is not a useful predictor of crime) Ha: ? 1 ? 0 (poverty is a useful predictor of crime) Significance level: ? = 0. 05 According to the rejection rule, the null hypothesis will be rejected if p-value ? ?. From table 3. 4, p-value = 0. 016 Since 0. 016 ? 0. 05, we reject the null hypothesis. At 95% confidence level, there is enough evidence to conclude that poverty is a useful predictor for crime in USA since the slope of the regression line is not zero. Conclusion and recommendations From this study conducted, it is assured that the crime rate in USA is directly proportionate to the people below the poverty line and inversely proportionate to the number of high school students graduating in the year 2009. When simple linear regression was performed to both the independent variables separately, the coefficient of determination (r2) and the p-value aided our study to select the variable that was a better predictor for determining the crime rate in America. Poverty, with the significance level of 19. 1% is known to be a better predictor in this case as compared to the 18. % significance level shown by the independent variable, education. This fact was further proved when the p-value for poverty stood at a lower amount as compared to its counterpart. Even though it can be concluded that poverty is a better predictor for crime rate in USA, the level of significance still stands at a diminutive 19. 1%. Much stronger predictors could be us ed for the above study. GDP, income level, provision of federal aid or employment rate could be a few options to choose amongst. Appendix Table 1. 1 Statistics for crimes reported in 30 states of USA. State| Population| Violent Crime| Property Crime| Total Crime| Percentage of Total Crime | Alabama| 47,08,708| 21,179| 1,77,629| 1,98,808| 4. 22| Alaska| 6,98,473| 4,421| 20,577| 24,998| 3. 58| Arizona| 65,95,778| 26,929| 2,34,582| 2,61,511| 3. 96| California| 3,69,61,664| 1,74,459| 10,09,614| 11,84,073| 3. 20| Colorado| 50,24,748| 16,976| 1,33,968| 1,50,944| 3. 00| Connecticut| 35,18,288| 10,508| 82,181| 92,689| 2. 63| Florida| 1,85,37,969| 1,13,541| 7,12,010| 8,25,551| 4. 45| Hawaii| 12,95,178| 3,559| 47,419| 50,978| 3. 94| Iowa| 30,07,856| 8,397| 69,441| 77,838| 2. 59| Kansas| 28,18,747| 11,278| 90,420| 1,01,698| 3. 61| Michigan| 99,69,727| 49,547| 2,82,918| 3,32,465| 3. 33| Minnesota| 52,66,214| 12,842| 1,39,083| 1,51,925| 2. 88| Mississippi| 29,51,996| 8,304| 87,181| 95,485| 3. 23| Missouri| 59,87,580| 29,444| 2,02,698| 2,32,142| 3. 88| Montana| 9,74,989| 2,473| 24,024| 26,497| 2. 72| Nebraska| 17,96,619| 5,059| 49,614| 54,673| 3. 04| Nevada| 26,43,085| 18,559| 80,763| 99,322| 3. 76| New Jersey| 87,07,739| 27,121| 1,81,097| 2,08,218| 2. 39| New Mexico| 20,09,671| 12,440| 75,078| 87,518| 4. 35| New York | 1,95,41,453| 75,176| 3,78,315| 4,53,491| 2. 2| North Carolina| 93,80,884| 37,929| 3,44,098| 3,82,027| 4. 07| North Dakota| 6,46,844| 1,298| 12,502| 13,800| 2. 13| Oregon| 38,25,657| 9,744| 1,13,511| 1,23,255| 3. 22| Pennsylvania| 1,26,04,767| 47,965| 2,77,512| 3,25,477| 2. 58| South Dakota| 8,12,383| 1,508| 13,968| 15,476| 1. 91| Texas | 2,47,82,302| 1,21,668| 9,95,145| 11,16,813| 4. 51| Virginia| 78,82,590| 17,879| 1,91,453| 2,09,332| 2. 66| Was hington| 66,64,195| 22,056| 2,44,368| 2,66,424| 4. 00| Wisconsin| 56,54,774| 14,533| 1,47,486| 1,62,019| 2. 87| Wyoming| 5,44,270| 1,242| 14,354| 15,596| 2. 87| Source: http://www. fbi. ov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u. s/2011/crime-in-the-u. s. -2011/tables/table-5 Table 1. 2 Statistics for public high school graduates in 30 states of USA. State| Population| Total Public High School Graduates| Percentage of High School Graduates| Alabama| 47,08,708| 42,082| 0. 89| Alaska| 6,98,473| 8,008| 1. 15| Arizona| 65,95,778| 62,374| 0. 95| California| 3,69,61,664| 3,72,310| 1. 01| Colorado| 50,24,748| 47,459| 0. 94| Connecticut| 35,18,288| 34,968| 0. 99| Florida| 1,85,37,969| 1,53,461| 0. 83| Hawaii| 12,95,178| 11,508| 0. 89| Iowa| 30,07,856| 33,926| 1. 13| Kansas| 28,18,747| 30,368| 1. 8| Michigan| 99,69,727| 1,12,742| 1. 13| Minnesota| 52,66,214| 59,729| 1. 13| Mississippi| 29,51,996| 24,505| 0. 83| Missouri| 59,87,580| 62,969| 1. 05| Montana| 9,74,989| 10,077| 1. 03| Nebraska| 17,96,61 9| 19,501| 1. 09| Nevada| 26,43,085| 19,904| 0. 75| New Jersey| 87,07,739| 95,085| 1. 09| New Mexico| 20,09,671| 17,931| 0. 89| New York | 1,95,41,453| 1,80,917| 0. 93| North Carolina| 93,80,884| 86,712| 0. 92| North Dakota| 6,46,844| 7,232| 1. 12| Oregon| 38,25,657| 35,138| 0. 92| Pennsylvania| 1,26,04,767| 1,30,658| 1. 04| South Dakota| 8,12,383| 8,123| 1. 00| Texas | 2,47,82,302| 2,64,275| 1. 7| Virginia| 78,82,590| 79,651| 1. 01| Washington| 66,64,195| 62,764| 0. 94| Wisconsin| 56,54,774| 65,410| 1. 16| Wyoming| 5,44,270| 5,493| 1. 01| Source: http://nces. ed. gov/CCD/tables/ESSIN_Task5_f2. asp Table 1. 3 Statistics for individuals below Poverty line in 30 states of USA. State| Population for whom poverty status is determined| Individuals in poverty| Percent below poverty| Alabama| 45,88,899| 8,04,683| 17. 54| Alaska| 6,82,412| 61,653| 9. 03| Arizona| 64,75,485| 10,69,897| 16. 52| California| 3,62,02,780| 51,28,708| 14. 17| Colorado| 49,17,061| 6,34,387| 12. 90| Connecticut| 34,09,901| 3,20,554| 9. 40| Florida| 1,81,24,789| 27,07,925| 14. 94| Hawaii| 12,64,202| 1,31,007| 10. 36| Iowa| 29,05,436| 3,42,934| 11. 80| Kansas| 27,32,685| 3,65,033| 13. 36| Michigan| 97,35,741| 15,76,704| 16. 20| Minnesota| 51,33,038| 5,63,006| 10. 97| Mississippi| 28,48,335| 6,24,360| 21. 92| Missouri| 58,18,541| 8,49,009| 14. 59| Montana| 9,46,333| 1,43,028| 15. 11| Nebraska| 17,39,311| 2,14,765| 12. 35| Nevada| 26,06,479| 3,21,940| 12. 35| New Jersey| 85,31,160| 7,99,099| 9. 37| New Mexico| 19,68,078| 3,53,594| 17. 97| New York | 1,90,14,215| 26,91,757| 14. 16| North Carolina| 90,95,948| 14,78,214| 16. 25| North Dakota| 6,20,821| 72,342| 11. 65| Oregon| 37,48,545| 5,34,594| 14. 26| Pennsylvania| 1,21,65,877| 15,16,705| 12. 47| South Dakota| 7,82,725| 1,11,305| 14. 22| Texas | 2,41,76,222| 41,50,242| 17. 17| Virginia| 76,23,736| 8,02,578| 10. 53| Washington| 65,30,664| 8,04,237| 12. 31| Wisconsin| 54,95,845| 6,83,408| 12. 43| Wyoming| 5,29,982| 52,144| 9. 84| Source: http://www. census. gov/compendia/statab/cats/income_expenditures_poverty_wealth/income_and_poverty–state_and_local_data. html Regression (Independent variable: Education) Table 2. 1 Variables Entered/Removedb| Model| Variables Entered| Variables Removed| Method| 1| Educationa| . | Enter| a. All requested variables entered. | | b. Dependent Variable: Crime| | Table 2. 2 Model Summary| Model| R| R Square| Adjusted R Square| Std. Error of the Estimate| 1| . 425a| . 181| . 152| . 67068| a. Predictors: (Constant), Education| | Table 2. 3 ANOVAb| Model| Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | 1| Regression| 2. 784| 1| 2. 784| 6. 189| . 019a| | Residual| 12. 595| 28| . 450| | | | Total| 15. 379| 29| | | | a. Predictors: (Constant), Education| | | | . Dependent Variable: Crime| | | | | Table 2. 4 Coefficientsa| Model| Unstandardized Coefficients| Standardized Coefficients| t| Sig. | | B| Std. Error| Beta| | | 1| (Constant)| 6. 165| 1. 173| | 5. 257| . 000| | Education| -2. 904| 1. 167| -. 425| -2. 488| . 019| | | | | | Regression (Independent variable: Poverty) Table 3. 1 Variables Entered/Removedb| Model| Variables Entered| Variables Removed| Method| 1| P overtya| . | Enter| a. All requested variables entered. | | b. Dependent Variable: Crime| | Table 3. 2 Model Summary| Model| R| R Square| Adjusted R Square| Std. Error of the Estimate| 1| . 437a| . 191| . 162| . 66665| a. Predictors: (Constant), Poverty| | Table 3. 3 ANOVAb| Model| Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | 1| Regression| 2. 935| 1| 2. 935| 6. 604| . 016a| | Residual| 12. 444| 28| . 444| | | | Total| 15. 379| 29| | | | a. Predictors: (Constant), Poverty| | | | | b. Dependent Variable: Crime| | | | | Table 3. 4 Coefficientsa| Model| Unstandardized Coefficients| Standardized Coefficients| t| Sig. | | B| Std. Error| Beta| | | 1| (Constant)| 1. 819| . 575| | 3. 162| . 004| | Poverty| . 107| . 042| . 437| 2. 570| . 016| How to cite Relation Between Crime, Poverty and Education in Usa, Essay examples

Health Promotion in New Zealand Health Promotion Agency

Question: Discuss about the Health Promotion in New Zealand for Health Promotion Agency. Answer: 1. Health promotion helps to reduce mortality and morbidity rates and address risk factors. Through health promotion programs, a strong, sustainable health system can be placed in the community. Here, the selected health promotion campaign for tobacco control is Stop Before You Start. This new campaign has been launched by Health promotion agency, New Zealand. The program is addressing one of the major issues in the world, tobacco smoking, which is known to be the cause behind fatal health issues including cancer (Hpa.org.nz, 2016). The campaign has targeted the audiences within 17-24 years old, who are at the greater risk f tobacco smoking because of social influence. It has been seen that, in New Zealand, the smoking prevalence is higher in Maori and pacific people along with people from a low socioeconomic background. 5% and 8% gap in mortality has been revealed within Maori and non-Maori men and women respectively (Durkin, Brennan Wakefield, 2012). A significant gap between low and high socioeconomic people has also been identified regarding mortality rate. Thus, this campaign has a special focus on these groups of young adults. In previous studies mass media campaign has been seen to be effective for smoking reduction. Thus, the current campaign has focused on communicating with young adults to know their thinking about tobacco smoking and implementing strategies for changing their views. Considering the health determinants is very important for establishing interventions in the community. Within the individual factors, the lifestyle and diet are considered. The young age people usually lead a harsh lifestyle, as they started to be involved in the wider community through college or working places. Different unsocial behaviors are seen to be increased during this age. Pregnant women are prone to smoke for stress relief, but it is very much injurious to babys health. However, shifting to a healthy life style can help to reduce smoking habit. Water is a natural detoxifier; it helps to reduce the toxic addiction for nicotine. Giger and grape juice are other natural processes for healthy living by quitting smoking (Zhu et al., 2012). In addition, there are some NRT therapies useful for quitting smoking including nicotine patches, gums or inhalers. However, these treatments usually include some side effects including nausea, irritation, behavioral changes. Analyzing all the se factors, the campaign targeted audiences to stop smoking from the root; it aims the cessation of smoking before start. 2. A number of studies highlighted that the Maori and Pacific population has a high rate of smoking habit when compared to non-Maori/non-pacific population. It is the main reason behind the health inequality in the community. The lung mortality rate has been estimated to be higher in Maori population than non-Maori are. This evidence shows a direct link between tobacco smoking and health inequalities in the particular population. While analyzing the contribution of smoking to the health inequalities, it has been found that lack of education and awareness is a major reason behind the health inequalities within Maori and non-Maori. With the increase in education rate among Maoris, a relative reduction of health inequalities was reported. It reduction rate in relative inequalities were 16-21% for men and 3-11% for women in between 1996-99 (Gould et al., 2012). The higher mortality rates for Maoris with poorer education were due to the result of smoking on cardiovascular, respiratory and cancer-related deaths. However, some initiatives have been undertaken by New Zealand government to reduce these health disparities and the situation has been improved; nevertheless much more improvement is needed to reduce the gap. 3. According to the data provided by (Hammond et al., 2012), non-Maori/non-Pacific people are getting the advantages in comparison to the Maori/Pacific population. The non-Maori/non-pacific population mostly lives in urban areas and gets adequate education to know about the impact of smoking on lung health. Thus, they are more concern about reducing smoking. This is why the campaign Stop before you start has more focus on Maori population. 4. A number of health determinants are contributing in the health inequalities caused by tobacco smoking. These include socioeconomic, educational as well as personal factors. The education level is much lower in Maoris compared to the non-Maoris/non-Pacific. Education is the key to health and well-being. Lack of education through the community is the main reason behind their unhealthy behavior (Durkin, S., Brennan Wakefield, 2012). Due to lack of financial stability, they are more prone to smoking, as it is addiction and helps people to be relaxed. In addition, the personal factors include cultural and racial influence. The campaign targets young adults, who also have a social influence, which is facilitating their unsocial behavior including smoking. On the other hand, culture is one of the major determinants. The rural Maoris have a cultural tradition of smoking at very young age, which influences the health inequalities. 5.The purpose of New Zealand public health and disability act 2000 is to provide disability support services, personal health services, public funding, and public health service as well as to establish new publicly owned health and disability organizations for improvement, promotion and protection of public health. To respect and recognize the principles of treaty of Waitangi, some mechanisms have been included, through which people can participate in the decision-making about the health and disability service delivery (Ministry of Health NZ, 2015). Treaty is an integral part of the act. Aligning with the Treaty of Waitangi principles, the key principles of the health and disability act for involving Maori are partnership, participation and protection. The health and disability act 2000 has involved four Treaty of Waitangi principles, which facilitates Mari self-determination and rights of Maori people in health care delivery (Ministry of Health NZ, 2015). Nurses work in partnership with Maoris to improve their health outcomes. The health and disability act has aimed to promote the rights of Maoris to equitable access and participation in health services at all levels for decreasing inequalities. 6.The campaign Stop before you start launched by health agency, has focused on the young adults, specifically the Maori people. The campaign is attempting to increase the awareness of audience for tobacco control. The young Maori adults are being communicated through a series of television commercials and radio advertisements and social media sites, where this age group people are mostly available. They are asked about their "relationship with tobacco." After understanding their relationship, the risk of tobacco smoking and addiction are discussed along with the ways by which they can avoid social influence. This intervention is helping Maori Young adults to think about their anti-smoking habits. These influenced young adults can then disperse their awareness within the community and help others to reduce their smoking habit (Ministry of Health NZ, 2015). Health promotion is one of the best ways to enhance Maori peoples awareness about the risk of tobacco smoking and its impact on th eir health. Young adults are the most common groups who are being engaged in different antisocial habits because of addiction. In the campaign, interaction with individual Maori adults would be more effective to promote health information within the community (Hpa.org.nz, 2016). It has been seen that lack of education is the most important factor contributing in health inequalities. Heath promotion is the best way to enhance knowledge and awareness. Through yearly survey, the social workers would know whether the inequalities are reduced or not. 7.As the campaign is targeted to 18-24 years old young adults, it can be assumed that this group of people would be most benefited from the campaign along with the entire Maori population. It is because, usually, people tend to respond, when someone from their cultural background promotes the activity (Hpa.org.nz, 2016). Thus, through the Maori young people, the entire population would be benefited. 8. Anti-smoking messages can employ shock tactics and may scare people into giving up smoking. It can also be related to physical health issues like reduced corrugators muscle responses, accelerated heart rate and worsened recognition memory. Fear and disgust can also include cardiac deceleration. Conclusion In conclusion, it has been revealed that a significant heath inequality is present in the New Zealand health care framework within Maori and non-Maori population. It has been seen that Maori population are less aware about their health concerns and possible way to reduce health inequalities. Smoking is a significant cause of these health inequalities. The health promotion agency has launched a new program, Stop before you start targeting the young people who are more prone to smoke. The direct and in-direct health promotion through this population can enhance anti-smoking habit within the Maori and Pacific population. Reference List Durkin, S., Brennan, E., Wakefield, M. (2012). Mass media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among adults: an integrative review.Tobacco control,21(2), 127-138. Gould, G. S., McEwen, A., Watters, T., Clough, A. R., van der Zwan, R. (2012). Should anti-tobacco media messages be culturally targeted for Indigenous populations? A systematic review and narrative synthesis.Tobacco Control, tobaccocontrol-2012. Hammond, D., Wakefield, M., Durkin, S., Brennan, E. (2012). Tobacco packaging and mass-media campaigns: research needs for Articles 11 and 12 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.Nicotine Tobacco Research, nts202. Hpa.org.nz,. (2016). Stop Before You Start | HPA - Health promotion agency. Hpa.org.nz. Retrieved 29 July 2016, from https://www.hpa.org.nz/stop-before-you-start Ministry of Health NZ,. (2015). Tobacco control. Ministry of Health NZ. Retrieved 29 July 2016, from https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/preventative-health-wellness/tobacco-control Zhu, S. H., Lee, M., Zhuang, Y. L., Gamst, A., Wolfson, T. (2012). Interventions to increase smoking cessation at the population level: how much progress has been made in the last two decades?.Tobacco Control,21(2), 110-118.

Death Row Essays - Capital Punishment, Penology, Mumia Abu-Jamal

Death Row Death Row The death penalty is outmoded and should be eliminated from our justice system. The death penalty is extremely racially biased and is not assigned justly. While advocates claim it is cheaper to execute than to support a felon for life in prison, it is actually more expensive to sentence a man to death. Opponents to the death penalty say that death is actually revenge rather than justice. The number of prisoners on death row is increasing. The public favoring the death penalty is reaching record levels of 80% in some polls. Barring reprieve, four death row inmates are waiting to be executed next week for a record number of executions nationwide in a week. Many of the inmates scheduled to die have arrived at the end of their appeals through a long and tangled legal path. The question now remaining is how should they be executed (Mauro). New York legislators are expected to approve a death penalty bill in the next few weeks. Sponsors say the measure will do away with the electric chair in favor of lethal injection, which some death penalty advocates say is a more humane execution method (Hughes). As of April, in the United States, there are 2,848 death row inmates, half of them minorities. Whites constitute 50%, Blacks 40%, Hispanic 7% and 3% other races. A black man who kills a white man is 63 times more likely to be executed than a white man who murders a black man (McCollum p 12). The prosecutors who pursue capital cases are usually white, a fact that might be responsible for the high percentage of blacks on death row, according to a report out today. The death penalty is more often sought for black defendants, especially in cases where the victims are white. The Black defendants were 38% more likely to be sentenced to die than others who committed similar crimes. This system is extremely racially biased (Jones p3A). In the United States, the largest death row stands in Texas with 324 people: 144 whites, 120 African Americans, 52 Hispanics, 4 Native Americans, and 4 Asian Americans. The smallest states are Connecticut with 2 whites, New Mexico with 1 Native American and 1 white, and Wyoming 2 whites, (Mumia). Blacks constituted some 40% of men on death row in Pennsylvanian, yet blacks constitute just over 9% of Pennsylvanians population and just fewer than 11% of Americas. The proportions are not even (Mumia p 18). The death penalty has never been proven as an effective deterrent against crime, and is disproportionately used against blacks and the poor. It costs more to execute people than keep them in prison for life with no possibility of parole (University Wire). A study indicated it cost the state an average of $2.3 million over seven years of appeals to execute someone. The cost of imprisoning the same person for life was $750,000 (Mauro). Is the death penalty justice or revenge? Our criminal justice system shouldnt be about vengeance, because it makes us as a society no better than those we condemn. Yet, we have to weigh what we accomplish by killing those who kill. It doesnt bring anyone back. It doesnt accomplish anything but revenge. Of course, in cases of clearly guilt or particularly heinous crimes, its easy to say they deserve to die. However, the case involves the death of someone we love, its hard to say good-bye (University Wire). Government Essays

Word Choice Wail vs. Whale

Word Choice Wail vs. Whale Word Choice: Wail vs. Whale What is the difference between a cry of pain and a 190-ton marine mammal? Well, not a huge amount when it comes to pronunciation! The words â€Å"wail† and â€Å"whale† sound identical, which means that they’re easy to mix up. But these terms also refer to very different things, so check out our guide to make sure you always pick the right word in your written work. Wail (Cry or Scream) The word â€Å"wail† can be either a noun or a verb. In either case, it refers to a high-pitched cry or scream of pain, grief, or anger: Noun Usage: They heard the wail from upstairs. Verb Usage: She wailed in sadness when she saw the news. More rarely, â€Å"wail† is also used to mean â€Å"play a tune exceptionally well.† However, this is largely an old piece of jazz slang and not found in most modern English writing. Whale (Large Sea Mammal) â€Å"Whale† is almost always a noun and can refer to a number of large sea mammals. For instance: We are going to sea to watch the whales later today. There are many different types of whale, ranging from the relatively small dwarf sperm whale (usually around 9ft long) to the massive blue whale (up to 98ft long). But all of them are â€Å"whales.† Except this guy, who despite being called a killer whale is actually a dolphin.(Photo: skeeze/Pixabay) â€Å"Whale† can also be used as a verb to describe the act of hunting for whales (i.e., whaling or whale fishing). But this is illegal in most countries now, so it is not commonly used. Summary: Wail or Whale? â€Å"Wail† and â€Å"whale† might sound alike, but they look very different written down. As such, it should be easy to tell these terms apart once you know what they mean. Remember: Wail can be a verb or a noun and refers to a cry of despair or grief. Whale is almost always a noun and refers to a large sea mammal. As a final note, try not to get either of these words confused with â€Å"Wales,† which is part of the UK. And if you’d like any more help with the spelling in your writing, feel free to get in touch today.

Cognitive Psychology (in general) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cognitive Psychology (in general) - Essay Example All three aspects make up the entire learning process, and will be taken into consideration in the conceptualization of a public transport. This proposal assumes that the bus is mechanically suited for long drive, big enough to accommodate large quantity of passengers and constantly undergoes regular check-up and tune-up to answer the areas on safety of the commuters. This also assumes that the bus driver is well equipped with existing knowledge about how to drive the bus, whether it be stick shift or automatic transmission; In General, the bus should be equipped with restroom facilities; comfortable plush reclined seats; spacious overhead compartment as well as walk way; emergency exits; window blinds for privacy and shade, a good heating and cooling facilities that also changes along with the season. A distinct color scheme must be painted on the bus, using primary colors, because they are easily recognized by the iris in both gender.. The bus should also be equipped with a paging system that announces the destination and stops. The fully functioning air-condition and Television set that will provide both comfort and entertainment during long drive. It should also be equipped with signs by way of posters, indicating schedule, destinations and fare. All these, provides sensory stimulus (visual, auditory and tactile) to introduced to the brain as an information that will be interpreted analyzed and later on be organized. A Clear wide windshield; electronic adjustable side mirrors; rear view camera with monitor screen in control panel area; wide rear view mirror and color coded light illuminated speedometer and gas gauge should all contain the control panels. All of the requisites mentioned provide the chance to access all angles for excellent vertical and horizontal view, even with perepheral view. This maximizes the area for visual information acquisition thus absorbing all details for input into the brain. This will allow the brain to categorize and classify information according to order of priority while segregating the least important aspect. Once this is identified, the brain can then proceed to interpreting and analyzing the information and come up with a conclusion. In the area of attention: There should be a fixed schedule for pit stops; boarding and when to disembark; arrival time estimation and automatic fare collection system that opens only when correct fare is remitted. Because, this has already been provided thru signs, the brain will then proceed with analyzing the acquired data received through perception. The processed data will then be compiled into one structure that will represent an entire idea of riding the bus. In here the passenger will come up a mental representation of riding the bus is nice, fun and easy. It is important that indicators for critical signs on the control panel board should flash red color, as this is the primary color that is immediately perceived by the retina of the eye. This will ensure brain to recognize pattern that once disruption occurs, will immediately access reactionary measure. It is also important that all critical warning devices should sound enough to be heard to provide for an auditory stimulus that verifies visual data, in instances where the brain performs simultaneous task. Usually this will occur when the driver monitors the safety of both

The Effectiveness of Special Weapons and Tactics Teams (SWAT) Essay - 1

The Effectiveness of Special Weapons and Tactics Teams (SWAT) - Essay Example This essay describes the Special weapons and Tactical teams law enforcement that started with the idea of protecting the well-being of police officers in the United States, as they carried out their duties of â€Å"serving and protecting† the public. The idea of being able to extract bad guys efficiently without mass mayhem and creating collateral damage, was the hallmark for the creation of the teams. Whether one is a proponent or a detractor of the existence of SWAT teams, they must strike the same cord when confronted with the issue of the relevance of the teams continued existence. SWAT teams have done some questionable things, and they have accomplished many good things. Before we throw out the baby with the bath water, we must objectively assess the situation and ask the question. Are we better off today with SWAT teams, than we were without them? The researcher of this essay believes that we are definitely better off, and what is needed is that a considerable amount of thought must be directed to how, these teams can be better utilized, while they are on hold waiting for the day, when they will be needed to serve in the capacity for which they were originally conceived. It is commonly held that a good offense is better than a good defense. However, to sum up the researcher states that we know that municipal police departments left to their traditional arsenal and philosophy, are not equipped enough to handle the some of types of confrontations which the bad guys can concoct.

Oligation portfolio(Law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oligation portfolio(Law) - Essay Example Contract Law is one of the branches of this law. The Law of Obligations and Contracts deals with the obligations, rights and duties concerning with agreements and contracts. Public law is a set of discipline empowering by public bodies which include government departments, local authorities and many more. We can say that this law deals with the state. Examples of this law are these two: tax law and criminal law. Assault, fraud, murder and theft are just four of the examples of crimes. I have read news published on April 5, 2010 by someone not mentioned. He gave an example of a crime happened during the 19th century which was a test of necessity. The Mignonette sank and the three crew members and Richard Parker, a young cabin boy were trapped in a raft. The young cabin boy was closed to death. Due to hunger, the crew killed and ate the poor young boy. The crew survived and were rescued but put on trial for murder. They argued that it was necessary to kill the sick young cabin boy for them to survive. The crew members were sentence to death but many complained that it was just right to preserve their lives. At first they were sentenced to hang but many people are in favor of them. Those people agreed that it is right to preserve lives though it means killing one. In the end, they were only sentenced to six months to jail. It was right to save lives, but saving lives doesn’t mean killing one. It was so sad to think that the crew members agreed to kill the 17 year old cabin boy and ate his flesh just to survive from hunger. They did not even think of other ways on how to survive on this situation. Maybe they thought that this child will just soon die so they decided to kill him. They did not even think that this child may survive from the sickness. It did not come to their minds that it would be happier if all of them will survive with the help of each other. Instead of killing him, they must suppose to offer some comfort to the child. They

Knowledge Dilemma and Strategies for Knowledge Management

Knowledge Dilemma and Strategies for Knowledge Management Introduction Information being exchanged amongst the workers of an organisation is a system that has been an essential constituent of the procedure of knowledge management. With the introduction of the contemporary information and communications technology within corporations, it has become very convenient and has also become a valuable support function to make such exchanges possible by reducing the obstructions of time and distance. On the other hand, those corporations that have invested in technologies of this kind are frequently faced with the complications of inducing the workers to utilise the purpose of those technologies in order to communicate their knowledge and perceptions. The knowledge share/hoard predicament is a socio-psychological behaviour aspect that describes that employees feel the need to not share information or organisational knowledge that they posses because it may eventually harm their own status within the organisation or by sharing knowledge may therefore provide a co mpetitive advantage to their colleagues, over them. This has been elucidated further in Sabrautzki 2010 that since organisational knowledge is a collective resource employees may make use of it without actually contributing towards developing or increasing it. However, sharing or hoarding knowledge does have their own results which may be in a positive or a negative manner. Individuals usually hoard knowledge when they feel that sharing that knowledge would eventually result in a decrease of their power or status within the corporation because of the very fact that they have shared their distinctive wisdom with the rest of the workforce. While assessing the various forms of beneficial public problems, there have been certain suggestions of particular interventions that may be implemented by corporations in order to facilitate the organization to promote the required social dynamics which would eventually boost the all-encompassing concept of sharing knowledge and information within the corporation and its employees. Such interventions may assume various forms such as interventions that lead to restructuring or even increasing the recompenses for making a contribution towards increasing organisational knowledge or interventions that aim for augmenting effectiveness within the employees by means of sharing knowledge. Various substantial corporations have started to or have taken into consideration the aspect of implementing an organisation-specific and effective knowledge management system which would help the organisation and its employees share knowledge with efficacy. Most of such corporations aim at engaging in particular knowledge management initiatives because of the objective of attaining a competitive advantage over rival firms, enhancing marketing efficiency, intensifying focus on the consumer as well as increasing modernization within their product lines, as described further in Paton McCalman, 2008 that for a corporation, to develop a learning mindset amongst its employees, it is necessary to develop an attitude that works on the information pull element rather than a culture that encourages the information push attitude. A very significant element of the information pull culture has been the fact that it concentrates mainly on the softer aspects of management, therefore many corporations are often not very successful with the information pull attitude and as a result are not able to accomplish the complete benefits of a bottom-up knowledge delivery structure. Knowledge management consists of such executive practices carried out by a corporation for the purpose of generating, collecting, distributing and making use of organizational knowledge. There has been an increasing certainty amongst corporate leaders, experts and researchers that sharing knowledge within the organisation would be an important strategic resource. This is because organisational knowledge is regarded as a nonmaterial asset that is distinctive, reliant on direction, causally indefinite and is also difficult to replicate or replace in any way, therefore such attributes cause knowledge to be a possible reason for competitive advantage for an employee, hence the reason why hoarding it becomes a possible course of action for most employees, as subsequently the person in possession of it becomes a plausible target for attention from company management. Impact upon Knowledge Exchange and Trust within the Workplace The knowledge hoarding dilemma has made organisations move towards more effective alternatives which would assist the corporation in managing its knowledge in a better way. The current advancements in information and telecommunications technology have greatly assisted organisations in successfully sharing organisational knowledge among the employees. With the development and extensive implementation of global networking and telecommunication procedure, the usage of the intranet knowledge portals within organisations have made it achievable as well as cost-effectively practicable to share knowledge in order to integrate workforce, specifically within substantial and extensively disseminated corporations and also permitting such organisations to easily exchange records and reports and practically any form of multimedia records from one location to another. In Schwartz 2006 it has been explained further that within an organisation, the socio-technical attitude regards sharing of knowled ge to be a completely organised procedure that requires support from top-down involvement from the management as well as bottom-up employee and expert interventions. This sharing and exchange of information amongst the workforce encompasses an important constituent that is essential for the formation and management of combined knowledge and subsequently causes the availability of such implements that sustain such exchanges, while this in turn also immensely makes possible the execution of effective knowledge management systems within a corporation. On the other hand, various corporations frequently experience several issues within their operations and functionalities that ultimately put at risk the probable benefits of investing in modern automated systems for organisational knowledge management. Such as the element that workers may hoard the information that they possess from their fellow workers simply because of their inadequate awareness of the advantages sharing knowledge with other workers. Goodman 2007 describes this aspect further that when various groups within an organisation operate collectively, as a result they naturally develop a cu lture that encourages the sharing of knowledge, whereas global and interconnected groups function jointly in order to accomplish shared targets, thereby driving group effort amongst the assorted departments of sizeable corporations. Employees might also face other difficulties because of problems with being able to incorporate such activities in the course of their daily work owing to lack of time or the lack of abilities or the expertise to use information systems that support knowledge management. Whereas certain workers may perhaps not be able to understand the personal gain that they would obtain from exchanging organisational knowledge partially because of the fact that they receive inadequate encouragement from the management of the corporation for utilising new initiatives to the companys existing operational set up. Knowledge symbolises a source of supremacy and dominance for most employees in a corporation. It is this knowledge that is exchanged or shared amongst consumers and suppliers with reciprocation, good reputation and selflessness that in turn also operate as mechanisms of compensation. Trust, on the other hand, is a necessary requirement for trouble-free execution of such activities within the market. This conviction therefore exists on an individual stage and is possible by means of strong corporate working associations that may exist among co-workers, within work groups and even within various organizational levels. However various employees believe that by sharing significant organisational knowledge with the other co-workers, he or she becomes exposed to the hazard of decreasing ones worthiness within the corporation thereby raising the probability that he or she is not indispensable requisite for the organisation any longer. In Torrey Datta 2002 ithas been described that trust among employees comes when knowledge is understood and accepted through inner and outer cultural filters as well as by managing situational problems through via socially acceptable behaviour. When a corporation focuses on understanding the management of knowledge across various cultures, then this practice would in turn assist knowledge sharing as well as originality and creativity, thereby evening out the course that leads to further learning and knowledge exchanges taking places across cultural limitations. As a result differences in social culture are what an organisation must focus on when dealing with and achieving effective knowledge sharing and exchange. Furthermore employees also feel that it is most essential for them to be known as a specialist or an expert within their organisation, hence their reluctance to share knowledge with other co-workers. They believe that if a worker does not have the repute for proficiency then that knowledge or expertise would not be able to symbolise their power or dominance over their colleagues. When employees hesitate in sharing their knowledge it might also be because of the uncertainty that other co-workers may accept acknowledgment for the source of that information, and consequently assert acclaim for it. Such attitudes that cause hoarding of knowledge will eventually be detrimental for an organisation because not releasing important organisational knowledge might hinder the operational procedures of a corporation. Hislop 2009 states that the element of trust is the actual reason why employees hesitate to share information with their peers. Even when an individual does actually trust another an d shares knowledge, the aspect of uncertainty still remains as to where and how would that infomration be used by that person. When organisational knowledge becomes the only means of attaining a competitive advantage over other employees, then hoarding knowledge becomes prevalent within that corporation, ultimately also increasing the level of mistrust and feelings of jealousy and envy amongst employees. Organisational culture and ethics might also be compromised and would also cause a negative environment to develop within the workplace. However, it is essential for organisations and their employees to understand that sharing information with a colleague will most likely result in receiving beneficial knowledge in return, while it might even result in increasing ones own knowledge as well. Thus by the establishment of an educational framework within an organisation that promotes as well as remunerates the practice of knowledge sharing and prevents and reprimands the practice of hoarding important organisational knowledge for individual gain or gratification, would consequently ensure that the organisation h as been successful in carrying out its knowledge management practices. Stegmeier 2008, pg. 59, has explained this in the following words that various corporations enhance and develop advanced knowledge management systems that assist in classifying data according to competitive pricing analyses, market researches as well as according to technical information. The main purpose of conducting such tasks is to accumulate and store for easy accessibility, quick retrieval and to manage the intelligence of the corporation for its subsequent benefit. It is essential for an organisation to create a corporate philosophy that attaches importance to innovation and vision, incessant improvement as well as interaction and communication of thoughts and wisdom, as it is the presence of such organisational culture which would ensure that the knowledge management initiatives being employed do become successful in the end. When a corporation wants to manage its knowledge assets in an effectual manner it must also possess a workforce that is enthused enough to delve into new market prospects, is able to adapt to and implement new operational processes and new products as well as are keen on employing new methods to their work systems and operational structures. de Man de Man 2008 has described this further by saying that with the presence of trust amongst staff members diminishes the propensity of protecting and hoarding knowledge because this then provides the assurance that the other employee will not try to exploit the ingenuousness. The refore, corporations must adopt procedures that consist of reciprocal faith; companionship and respect which would therefore decrease protection of knowledge. Conclusion Organisations must also establish such work structures that are variable enough to allow ground-breaking and inventive modifications within corporate procedures, occupational descriptions that permit workers a rational degree of working independence, while they must also establish corporate procedures that make it possible for knowledge and information to be shared among employees in a timely and effective manner. Not only will such procedures ensure effective knowledge management, it will also eliminate any form of distrust amongst employees, in fact employees will also learn to rely on their co-workers and managers for receiving and sharing knowledge without the fear of not receiving credit for the knowledge being shared. Thus sharing and exchange of ideas within a corporation is one of the most essential procedures through which an organisation is able to achieve the practice of collecting knowledge without which an organisation would not be able to attain core knowledge that in t urn formulates its core competencies.

Service Learning Helped My Career Decision :: Community Service, Volunteer Work

My community service experience was great! I learned many new things that I can use not only in the workplace but also in life. The people I had the opportunity to work with were very generous with their time and talents. They helped me to gain insight into what I want to do with my life. During high school, I was indecisive on what I wanted to do with my life. I wanted to work either as a firefighter or an engineer. I performed my community service at the City Utilities Company. I worked with people who were water engineers and they gave me great advice on becoming an engineer. I was told that there were many different types of engineers. I didn’t even know which type of engineer I wanted to be. Then I told him that I was thinking about being a firefighter as well. That’s when I learned his son was a firefighter and loved being one. When I heard about how his son loved the job, I knew then that’s what I wanted to do. I was their secretary for the week from 8am to 5pm. I had to pick up the phone and take messages when they were out of the office, I had to organize some of their paperwork, and talk to the people who walked in looking for information of for one of the other workers. I had learned the responsibility of being on time and following directions. This experience helped me be more comfortable around people I didn’t know and able to interact with them. That came in handy in my job now, I work at American Eagle and I have to interact with people every day but I’m already comfortable doing so. It helped me in life because I’ve been able to meet new people around the college because I’m comfortable talking to complete strangers. The chance I had to work with these people was amazing. I always had the feeling of me being welcome there. In the time I was there I received many gifts from them but not for volunteering for them but because I was a friend. They let me take home leftover candy and popcorn home to my family, even though my mom and sister never knew because I ate it before I got home.

Business: It’s Nature and Environment Essay

Offering a unique look at interior design, Materials and Components of Interior Architecture, Seventh Edition fully covers the nonstructural materials available to interior designers. With an eye on the environment, it provides a firm understanding of the products, properties, and uses of all materials, from floors, walls and ceilings to installation, and recycling. Going beyond paint and carpet, it explores over 27 different floorings and devotes separate chapters to kitchens and baths. Filled with  the latest information provided directly from the suppliers, it helps readers think knowledgably and creatively about the â€Å"nuts and bolts† of interior design—both in terms of structure and style. With an eye on the environment, it provides a firm understanding of the products, properties, and uses of all materials, covering everything from floors, walls and ceiling to installation, and recycling. Progressing from the ground up—literally—it looks beyond the more decorative aspects of design to study the properties and uses of both finishing materials in the design field and structural materials in the architectural field. For interior designers and specifiers. Book Description The fourth edition of STRATEGIC LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT is an excellent balance of theory and practical application and continues to include state-of-the-art logistics information and technology. This is one of the few books to have a view of logistics from a marketing perspective. In  addition, it integrates the areas of logistics, marketing, finance, accounting, technology and manufacturing. Extensive coverage of customer satisfaction, global issues, and accounting/finance issues are incorporated throughout the text as well as in separate chapters. Examples of â€Å"real world† illustrations of concepts are also included in each chapter. This book has been extensively revised and updated in the areas of technology, global coverage, and transportation. From the Author A number of important topics not covered in many other logistics texts, or covered only superficially, are given significant treatment in this book, including: supply chain management, measuring and selling the value of logistics, order processing and management information systems; e-commerce and the Internet; reverse logistics and packaging; financial control of logistics performance; logistics organizations; and global logistics. Our goal in covering these topics in addition to the traditional activities is to provide readers with a grasp of the total picture of logistics within the context of supply chain management processes. There are a number of worthwhile improvements in the fourth edition. We have included many more references and examples from general business and other literature because of the impact of logistics on a variety of business processes. This edition covers the academic and trade literature in the area of logistics extensively, and includes the most up-to-date information and examples. Readers will notice the significant number of citations from the year 2000. We have retained those elements that are â€Å"timeless† and those that made the previous editions successful. About the Author James R. Stock  is Professor of Marketing and Logistics at the College of Business Administration, University of South Florida. Dr. Stock held previous faculty appointments at Michigan State University, University of Oklahoma, and the University of Notre Dame. From 1986 to 1988 he held the position of Distinguished Visiting Professor of Logistics Management, School of Systems and Logistics, at the Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson  Air Force Base. Dr. Stock is the author or co-author of over 90 publications including books, monographs, articles, and proceedings papers. He is author of Development and Implementation of Reverse Logistics Programs and Reverse Logistics; co-author of Distribution Consultants: A Managerial Guide to Their Identification, Selection, and Use; and co-author of Fundamentals of Logistics Management. He currently serves as editor of the International journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. He received the Armitage Medal (1988) f! rom the SOLE—The International Society of Logistics in recognition of his scholarly contributions to the discipline. His areas of expertise include reverse logistics, supply chain management, and the marketing-logistics interface. He has lectured on various logistics topics throughout Europe and Africa. Dr. Stock holds BS and MBA degrees from the University of Miami (Florida) and the Ph.D. from The Ohio State University. Douglas M. Lambert  is the the Raymond E. Mason Professor of Transportation and Logistics and Director of The Global Supply Chain Forum, Fisher College of Business, The Ohio State University. He is also the Prime F. Osborn III Eminent Scholar Chair in Transportation, Professor of Marketing and Logistics, and Director of The International Center for Competitive Excellence at the College of Business Administrati on, University of North Florida. From 1983 to 1985 he was PepsiCo Professor of Marketing at Michigan State University. Dr. Lambert has served as a faculty member for over 500 executive development programs in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australasia and he has given more than 100 presentations to professional associations around the world. He is the author of The Development of an Inventory Costing Methodology, The Distribution Channels Decision, The Product Abandonment Decision and co-author of Management in Marketing Channels, Fundamentals of Logistics Management, Str! ategic Logistics Management, and Supply Chain Directions for a New North America. He has authored or co-authored more than 150 publications. In 1986 Dr. Lambert received the Council of Logistics Management’s Distinguished Service Award, â€Å"the highest honor that can be bestowed on an individual for achievement in the physical distribution/logistics industry,† for his contributions to logistics management and has also received CLM’s Founders Award (1997) and Doctoral  Research Grant (1975). He holds an honors BA and MBA from the University of Western Ontario and a Ph.D. from The Ohio State University. Dr. Lambert is co-editor of The International Journal of Logistics Management.

Dave Matthews Band Report essays

Dave Matthews Band Report essays Imagine standing on a stage, overlooking 70 tiered rows in what is possibly the most beautiful amphitheater in the world. As Dave Matthews and his fellow band mates walk on stage, the crowd cheers wildly. You are at Red Rocks and the scene is set for the Dave Matthews Band. Red Rocks Amphitheater is located in Morrison, Colorado, 15 miles west of Denver. It provides seating for 9600, and has some of the best acoustics found anywhere on Earth. Since 1941 it has been home to many concerts and performers and is the perfect backdrop for a live performance. Recorded on August 15, 1995, "Live At Red Rocks 8.15.95" was created at the height of the bands musical talent and at the bottom step of their climb to fame. It was shows like this that left fans mesmerized by the funky, jazz-infused riffs that the band played. It is this kind of energetic and intimate live music that keeps the fans coming back. The members of the Dave Matthews Band (or DMB for short) are each very unique, especially in the instruments that they play. This is what makes the band and its music really work. Dave Matthews provides lead vocals and acoustic guitar, Boyd Tinsley plays the violin, Stefan Lessard is on bass guitar, Leroi Moore blows the woodwinds, and Carter Beauford plays the drums. Matthews is a very talented musician. He provides very unique singing styles and an abstract, awkward ability to play the guitar. Tinsley plays the violin like no other. It is odd to find a band with a violin, but his talent forces it to work. Lessard, who joined the band when he was only 16, provides funky bass lines that fill in the empty spots. Leroi Moore plays flute, saxophone, and clarinet which mixed with modern instruments, create an odd combination of sounds, finally Carter Beauford, known for his excellent improvisational skills and perfect fill-ins, lights up the drums with a talent that few have. These fiv e musicians joined together on the night of Augu...

Pop Culture and Evolution - The Hunger Games

Pop Culture and Evolution - The Hunger Games Evolution is not just a topic for a Biology class in school to cover it is found everywhere. There are many pop culture references and nods to the Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection in todays television, books, music, and movies. With The Hunger Games movie breaking box office records, I could not help but jump on the bandwagon and read the trilogy of books written by Suzanne Collins. Beyond a fast paced, edge of your seat thriller, I saw the authors ideas of a future world from an evolution Biologists point of view. The Hunger Games trilogy is set in the future after the collapse and near complete destruction of the world. The country of Panem has arisen from the ashes of what used to be North America and it consists of a Capitol somewhere in the Rocky Mountains, and 12 Districts that supply the affluent Capitol with all of the goods it needs. When the poor Districts tried to rebel, the Capitol took them down and created a yearly spectacle called The Hunger Games that is broadcast live like a reality show. As a reminder that the Capitol has all the power, each District is forced to send one boy and one girl between the ages of 12 and 18 that are chosen in a lottery drawing to compete to the death in the Hunger Games arena that is filled with traps and other dangerous creations made by the Capitol for their entertainment. The following paragraphs may contain spoilers if you have not read or seen The Hunger Games or its sequels, and Mockingjay. If you do not want to know details from these books or movies, you may not want to read the rest of this article. Otherwise, lets get into the world of Panem and explore the new species that reside there. The Mockingjay Arguably the most important new species in The Hunger Games trilogy is the mockingjay. These birds came into existence when female mockingbirds mated with the Capitol engineered male jabberjays. We are first introduced to this new species of bird in The Hunger Games book when Madge, the mayors daughter, gives heroine Katniss the gold pin with the mockingjay to wear as her token in the arena (in the movie, the pin is given to Katniss by her sister Prim). There are also mockingjays in the arena where Katniss uses their ability to repeat songs to communicate with her ally Rue. In Catching Fire we see the mockingjay become an increasingly important symbol. Plutarch Heavensbees watch shows a hologram of the bird. Also, before Katniss enters the arena for a second time, she wears a dress created by Cinna that turns her into a mockingjay after the outer layer burns away. Obviously, this new species of bird is the most important in the book entitled Mockingjay. The bird becomes a symbol of rebellion for the Districts, and Katniss finds herself becoming The Mockingjay as the symbolic leader. How did the mockingjay evolve in this fictional world of Panem? The Capitol created a species of bird through artificial selection called the jabberjay. The jabberjay could spy on enemies of the Capitol and repeat conversations word for word back to them. The Capitol could use this information to stop any rebellion attempts. After the rebels in the Districts figured out the scheme, they would feed the birds false information. Therefore the Capitol left the jabberjays, all male, to die in the wild. Instead of dying, the all male jabberjays began mating with female mockingbirds. Speciation occurred and mockingjays were born. Instead of being able to repeat entire conversations, mockingjays would repeat entire songs. These birds helped Katniss communicate with her ally inside the arena and also helped her become a symbol of hope for an entire nation. Tracker Jackers While it is never specified exactly how tracker jackers are created by the Capitol in any of the books, they are described as genetically altered wasps. Once again, the Capitol was manipulating nature and speeding up the evolution of species to do their dirty work. Tracker jackers will attack anyone who disturbs their nest and will follow them like a homing device until they have been stung with a venom that causes severe hallucinations and possibly death. Katniss uses the tracker jackers as a weapon in The Hunger Games when she is stuck in a tree because of the Career Tributes waiting to kill her below. She cuts a branch off the tree that contains a tracker jacker nest and it hits the ground near the Careers, so the tracker jackers attack and run them off, killing some in the process. While tracker jackers are not a product of natural selection, they are an evolutionary offshoot of wasps created through artificial selection. The genetic engineering of the tracker jackers caused a very swift microevolution of the species into a deadly killing machine. Muttations One last type of Capitol created killer is what Suzanne Collins called a muttation. Clearly a play on the word mutation, these can be combinations of just about anything. In the arena, Katniss and Peeta come face to face with muttations that look to be a mix of something like a wolf and their fellow dead tributes. This type of muttation tears the District 2 Tribute Cato to pieces. The book Catching Fire had a new arena that contained muttations that resembled monkeys. However, these monkeys had sharp claws and teeth that could puncture internal organs. When the Tributes make eye contact and quick movements, the monkey muttations attack and even kill the District 6 tribute. In Mockingjay, muttations appear in the form of something that seems to be a human and lizard hybrid down in the sewers of the Capitol. These deadly creatures come after the Sharp Shooter Squad as they make their way to the Presidents mansion. The talon-like claws even tear apart some of the squadron before they can make it out of the sewer alive. Again, these muttations, much like the jabberjays and tracker jackers, were made in a lab somewhere in the Capitol to continue the punishment of the districts of Panem. It isnt specified exactly how they are made, but genetic engineering that lead to microevolution is the most likely explanation. The only way to see into the future is through the eyes of a novelist. It is interesting to see where they believe evolution will take species many years down the road.

Top5 current domestic terrorism Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Top5 current domestic terrorism threats(i.e.nuclear,bio,chemical,agriculture,etc) - Thesis Example Terrorism – and the threat of terror - can have political, social, and economic ramifications. Politically, terror can sow fear, destabilize governments and provoke various forms of retaliatory measures. States of all stripes – including modern liberal democracies – have responded to terrorist threats through the curtailment of civil liberties (United States post 9/11), the imposition of martial law (Canada during the FLQ crisis of 1970) and the wholesale destruction of communities (Iraq’s genocide of the Kurds in Halabja, 1988). Full-scale retaliatory measures, such as that which was practiced at Halabja using chemical weapons (between 3,000 and 5,000 people were killed one March afternoon), often indiscriminately target, kill and maim entire populations. Terrorists today are unencumbered by geographic boundaries and are able, through the use and abuse of modern technology, to sow damage and fear on a global scale. The terrorist of today is transnational and Al-Qaeda today provides perhaps the best example of a global terrorist network. Terrorism is also inherently destabilizing and wreaks havoc both politically and economically. It remains one of the most sustained and important threats to global security and world peace. Additionally, legal changes often ensue in the wake of terrorist acts and the United States has a history of implementing controversial legislation in the wake of terrorist acts (Chaliand 101-240). What is a terrorist and how does one define terrorism? The age old adage that â€Å"one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter† (Bergesen & Lizardo 39) remains true and the term terrorist has been notoriously difficult to define. Despite these challenges, a definition of terrorism is integral and must be defined to provide a theoretical basis to this essay. According to Dr. Mia Bloom, terrorism can be defined as â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence

Do Women Have a Distinctive Ethical Perspective Essay

Do Women Have a Distinctive Ethical Perspective - Essay Example Moral codes are the interwoven fibres of ethical theories. Usually moral codes are the provisions of agreement between two men or women or group of people. As long as the provisions of agreement are adhered with conformity they are deemed to be moral codes. If any violation emerges at any point, then the moral codes cease to be moral codes. Thus moral disagreements pave way for ethical disintegration. The basic and pivotal sub classifications of ethical theories are: - Utilitarianism is one of the most practiced norms of ethical theories. There are two types of utilitarianism namely, act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism promotes doing good to most people unmindful of personal feelings and societal constraints like laws whereas rule utilitarianism regulates doing good to most of the people within the frame work of admitted/agreed laws and rules. (Catherine Rainbow, 2002) In this paper we are going to discuss the ethical perspectives of men and women. The ethical perspectives of men normally are justice based and that of women are care based. Men’s perspective in many cases permits inconsistent decisions at palliating circumstances that lead to certain limited violations of provisions already agreed for. Women although termed frail sex, do not allow such violations and tend to be rule utilitarianism followers in many situations. Moral codes and moral issues are always accompanied necessarily by contexts. While discussing ethical theories and in the formation of ethical theories it becomes necessary to remove contexts so that theories could be generalised. This task many times becomes very difficult because on removing the contexts of the issues we are at the danger of landing on diluting the very motto of generalisation. Thus contexts are to be removed only for identification. That is we

Should Pornography be More Restricted by USA Laws Essay

Should Pornography be More Restricted by USA Laws - Essay Example Like it or not, however, the 1st Amendment was specifically written and designed to protect the rights of all people, not just one’s own in-group. The porn industry, via the 1st Amendment, has the right to produce their erotic materials so long as they follow the law. As long as no person depicted is an unwilling participant, as long as no one involved was harmed, the pornography itself is not illegal and the industry that produces it is not doing any harm. At the same time, individuals and organizations that are opposed to pornography also have the right to produce materials condemning pornography for whatever reasons. As long as those individuals and groups do not commit slander or libel in their efforts, they are also not doing anything wrong or causing harm. Neither the porn industry nor the anti-porn industry can take away the rights of the other group to produce their materials or express their preferences or beliefs. The standpoint of anti-porn groups, however, can some times come across as somewhat of a mystery. Erotic material has been prevalent throughout human history and is evidenced in a wide variety of ways. Take, for instance, ancient Venus statues. Many anthropologists theorize that the statues were seen as symbols of fertility in their culture. The statues are renowned for being testaments to the nurturing quality of women, supposedly in appreciation of their contribution to society as mothers and caretakers. A slightly less popular belief is that Venus statues were also used as masturbatory tools. Hunters and warriors who went on lengthy excursions would take the statues with them in order to have something attractive to look at while they took care of their more intimate needs. Other cultures are also noted for employing pornographic images for a variety of purposes. Bath houses in Pompei, for example, are reported as having grotesquely pornographic images covering the walls. The images are supposed to have been used for directions with in the bath houses. Where today we have locker A3, back then cultures relied more on immediately recognizable images. The fact that those images were typically pornographic in nature attests to the general attitude of acceptance of the human form—in all its gore and glory. In general, psychologists advise people to not fight their nature, but to merely control it when that nature would most likely cause problems within their society, either for themselves or for others. The principle of â€Å"nature says ‘go,’ culture says ‘stop’† is one that is widely accepted within the psychological community (Baumeister & Bushman, 2011). The idea, though, is that culture says â€Å"stop† when the action about to be taken is most likely going to be destructive to the wider culture in some way. For instance, when a person walks in on their spouse cheating on them, and their natural inclination is to beat the offenders to a pulp. That’s nature s aying â€Å"go.† Culture, however, says that if you indulge in your natural inclination to be violent, you will face consequences of fines, community service, or even jail time. That is culture’s way of saying â€Å"stop.† With pornography, there is no widespread empirical data suggesting that the existence of pornography is vastly damaging American

Investigating Bubble Wrap as an Insulator Essay Example for Free

Investigating Bubble Wrap as an Insulator Essay Apparatus   Kettle Water   Small Plastic Bag What are we going to do? We are going to experiment for which bubble wrap or bag is the best insulator. We are doing this experiment because to prove my research in the hypothesis. We will test the big bubble wrap, small bubble wrap, a plastic bag and just the steel can. To extend the experiment we will test the bubbles facing inwards and outwards of the steel can. This will be used for the big bubble wrap and small bubble wrap. 1. First we will boil up some water in a kettle. 2. Then, we will measure the 140ml in a measuring cylinder. This is because we wont to know how easily heat energy can escape through the can. 3. We shall pour the 140ml of hot water on the steel can. 4. We will put a plastic lid on top of the can. A thermometer will be put through a pierced hole into the middle of the plastic lid. 5. Later we will measure the temperature. 6. As soon as the temperature falls to 84 degree, we will start the timing. 7. We will record the temperature every minute for 10 minutes. After ten minutes the experiment will be done. 8. We will repeat the experiment to find an average temperature for every minute. 9. Finally we well repeat this experiment for the big bubble wrap facing in and out of the can, the small bubble wrap facing in and out of the can and the plastic bag around the steel can. We have chosen to start every experiment at 84 degrees because we think the water may not reach temperatures as high as 90 degrees. For a fair test we will measure the temperature at every minute to make equal spacing of time between each reading of time. ANALYSIS Apparatus Small Plastic Bag Method In my experiment I kept many of the things I was going to do, the same. But after finding a couple of difficulties in the experiment I had to alter a couple of things. They were:    The process of measuring the hot water. I found out that the temperature of the water decreased rapidly so I could not start the experiment at 84 degrees. So I changed the process of measuring the water. Instead of measuring the water after boiling it up, I measured the water before boiling it up. This meant that I had to put 5ml of extra water in the kettle because a tiny bit of the water would have been evaporated.   Inserting more water into the steel can. I found out that the steel can was not being filled to the top. This meant that the air between the lid and water had been transferring heat energy by convection. I stopped this by adding 10 extra millilitres of water into the steel can. Conclusion In my results table I have observed that the big bubble wrap was the best insulator. The small bubble wrap was a worse insulator than the big bubble wrap and although the plastic bag was the worst insulator, it was the best insulator. The results of the experiment with no covering on the steel can did not fit the graph. This is because the graph showed that the experiment with no covering on the steel can was a good insulator. I would have thought that no covering on the steel can would have helped the heat energy escape. The only explanation for why the graph showed that the experiment was a good insulator is that a big, thick object would have been near the steel can preventing from escaping so easily. In my prediction, I said that the big bubble wrap would be the best insulator. This is because there is a lot gas in each bubble preventing heat energy from escaping so easily. The atoms in a gas are little and very spread out which makes the vibration of one atom to another very hard. I also said that the plastic bag was a good conductor because the heat energy only had go through the steel can and plastic bag. There was not much gas between the steel can and plastic bag together because the plastic bag was close to the steel can. Heat energy can go through a solid easily by conduction because the atoms are close together making the vibrating of each atom easy. This theory has been proved by my results and graph. I decided to record the temperature at every minute in each the experiment, because then I would have a wide range of results of the temperature decreasing. EVALUATION There were some things that were not fair which made the experiment go wrong a little. They were:- 1. The reading of the temperature. Sometimes I would not reading the temperature because the marks on the thermometer were squashed together so I could not read the numbers so easily. If I had a high-tech piece of equipment (e. g. a computer) then I could connect a thermometer to the computer and just read the temperature off the computer. 2. The reading of the temperature APPROXIMATELY every minute. Most of the time I could not read the temperature exactly every minute. Sometimes I was reading the temperature before the minute and sometimes after the minute. This effected my results because some results read the same and some had a big decrease (like the point at the orange circle). I could get solve this problem by also using a computer and connecting a stopwatch to it so the temperature could be given at exactly every minute. 3. The rounding off of a number after being read. Many of the numbers that I read were not whole numbers. So I had to result to rounding the number off. This effected my results because again some results read the same and some had a big decrease. If the thermometer had smaller marks telling you the numbers then I could have precise results. We could result to using a computer. I was not happy with my results with my results for no covering at 1 minute (marked orange circle) because of all the reasons above. These reasons are why my graph a bit out of shape. Although my graph was not accurate, my results were reliable to prove my prediction. My results clearly show that the big bubble wrap was the best insulator (and a bad conductor) and the experiment with the bag was the worst insulator (and a good conductor). I could make my results better by repeating the whole experiment again but this time using all the suggested I have given. If I were to do this then I would get the accurate results and prove that the experiment without covering would be the worst insulator. I would do the experiment three or four times to get a better and more reliable average. My results are not sufficient to prove my conclusion. I think I would have to do the experiment with no covering again to at least make my conclusion right.

The Weakness Of Relying On Income Per Capita Economics Essay

The Weakness Of Relying On Income Per Capita Economics Essay Income per capita is how much money each person earns in average in a particular time. It is used to indicate the economy for an area and to evaluate the living standards and the quality of life for different countries, nations or regions. It is usually measured by dividing the national income of a country, which is the entire income of all the people arising from a countrys gross domestic product (GDP), by the entire population of the country. Income per capita= total personal income of a country/ the entire population of the country For example, lets suppose there is a city where 1,000 people are making $200 per year and 100 people earning $1 million per year so the income per capita is ($200x1000people)+($1 million x 100people) / 1100 = $91,091. b) The weakness of relying on income per capita Income per capita is a very useful tool to assess the wealth of a nation, especially when comparing to other nations. By using income per capita, we can compare the economic well being of an individual in the country or the living standards between countries or the living standards within country overtime. Yet, it has a number of limitations why this may not be the right tool to determine well-being for an individual country. Firstly, when using income per capita as measurement, the income distribution does not gauge precisely. Income per capita is an average. Hence, it neglects the income distribution within a country. Though the countrys GDP per capita may be very high, it may be the fact that 10 percent of the population of the country makes millions of times more than other 90 percent of the population of the country who makes little wages. It means outliers who are within the population of a country (extremely poor or rich) can have an uneven result on the overall outcome. Secondly, by looking at the example in (a), we can see clearly that income per capita does not represent the real living standards of the whole population of the city as it is the average income of a population and the income does not allocate equally among all the population of the country. Besides, income per capita neglects the consequences of inflation. Income per capita will be unnaturally overstated if the prices increase more rapidly in one country than in another. In addition, the amount of money in different countries will have different values due to the varying exchange rates. Hence, comparing income per capita country to country gives inaccurate results. It may be more appropriate to measure when comparing different years in an individual country. Whats more, just because a countrys income per capita is high doesnt mean that country is high standards of living. It may be because of working longer hours, not because of earning high salaries. The more people work, the more stress and the more workload they get. Working long hour makes the peoples stress level high and it reduces the personal leisure time which decreases the standards of living and gives less happiness in their lives. Furthermore, the values shown up at income per capita do not include the quality of the goods is another fact why GDP per capita may not be the right tool to measure the living standards of life. The output may probably be increased. However, the goods which are being produced are of poor quality, therefore the quality of living standards may still not be getting better. Finally, real GDP does not take account of externalities which are third party costs that do have an effect on living standards of the population, for instance, congestion and pollution. These pose costs on third parties and represent real opportunity costs for them, reducing their effectiveness disposable income, and hence living standards. Congestion, pollution and other negative externalities have obviously harmful effects on wellbeing. The time spent ill, results less working days and it cuts output, and moreover, the time being sick is an opportunity cost to leisure time. c) Factors that need to be included when using income per capita When comparing income per capita between countries, we have to have a common base measure to compare income per capita in different countries to get more accurate result. To compare income per capita among countries, the input data which are gathered in the local currency has to be converted to the common base currency being used for the comparison, for example, US dollars. The problem of money inflation, which is mentioned in question (b), can be overcome by the use of money deflator by using a price index and therefore, the real per capita income is being compared and a better result of relative standard of living is deduced. In addition, income per capita doesnt show how a countrys income is disturbed and it also neglects about environment, human freedom and the value of leisure. As a result, one must also take into account other factors providing, such as longevity and peoples health, the distribution of income, the quality of environment, access to education and many more to examine the real quality of life in different countries. All of the above factors need to be considered when using income per capita to assess differences in well-being among countries to make sure that meaningful comparisons are accomplished. d) Human Development Index The Human development Index (HDI) is a standard means of measuring well-being. It is used to point out the impact of economic measures on quality of life. To assess the different countries living standards based on the fall and rise of incomes within that country, for instance, income per capita, is not an accurate way of determining that countrys development. There are a number of more important factors which should be assessed to get the real standard quality of life, for example, how healthy people are, what their potential is as a human beings and how the environment in which they are living is. For the purpose of giving a more comprehensive measure of well-being in both social and economic variables among countries, the HDI has developed as an alternative way to measure other aspects of human developments. The basic concept of HDI is to assess the development of a country through people of a country being healthy, being educated and having good standards of living. The person whether having healthy lifestyle is measured by life expectancy. The life expectancy determines the normal lifetime of the people of a certain region. It is also an aspect for assessing the physical life quality of a certain region. Being educated is one of the features in measuring HDI which is assessed by adult literacy and enrollment in primary, middle and high school level. Having good standards of living is measured by purchasing power parity, PPP and income. HDI is not a complete measure of development of countrys well-being. It does not take in important indicators, for instance, respect for human rights, inequality and democracy. However, by using HDI, governments are able to assess countrys well-being against other countries in a better way instead of just focusing success on money statics and it gives a broadened view of the progress of human and the complex link between well-being and income. Question 2 (a) Deflationary gap takes place when the equilibrium level of income is less than the full employment income. Expansionary monetary policies should be carried out to overcome the deflationary gap of an economy. Normally, in this case, a central bank will raise the supply of money to solve the problem of deflationary gap by means of reserve requirements and/or providing lower interest rates. Expansionary monetary policy, in reserve, allows banks to hold only a small amount of the total assets. Therefore, cash withdrawal can be available immediately and banks keep only a small amount of the total assets and the rest is put in liquid assets in the forms mortgages and loans. By reducing the reserve requirements, the funds of loan available are increased and it makes the money supply rise. By giving lower interest rates it encourage people and firms to borrow money and investment will rise. As the money supply increases, people will consume more goods and services. As the expansion of business cycle gets underway, wealth gets higher and this will head to a multiplied increase in national income. (b) Inflationary gap occurs when there is too much demand in the economy and it takes place when the equilibrium level of income goes over the full employment income. The inflationary gap can be controlled by implementing the deflationary fiscal policy. It could be done by raising taxes in some form and/or by reducing government spending. Either of these will slow down the economy level of demand and will help to reach the equilibrium level of economic growth. Deflationary fiscal policy will probably increase the tax on expenditures which lead to increase prices and discourage people from spending too much, or it may increase the tax on income that will make people less money so that they can stop people from spending so much and this will have a multiplied effect on national income. (c) Question 3 a. (i) Marginal utility Utility is a persons total satisfaction that obtained from when a customer consumes a good or service. Marginal utility is an additional satisfaction which one person acquires from using one additional unit of a good or service. As marginal utility concept is used by economists to examine how much units of good or service a customer will purchase, it is an essential economic concept. If the use of goods and services of an extra unit maximizes the total utility, it is positive marginal utility. It is a negative marginal utility if the use of goods and services of an additional unit minimizes the total utility. a. (ii) Demand curve for good Y The following diagram illustrates a demand curve D of an individual normal good Y, where P means the price charged for each unit of normal good Y and Q refers to the quantity demanded. The point a which intercept vertically of the demand curve demonstrates the highest price for each unit of good Y that a person is willing to pay. a. (iii) According to the demand curve above, the individual is prepared to pay an amount of a for the first unit of consumption of good Y. since the demand curve for a normal good slopes downwards, the individual is prepared to pay less and less for consumption: their marginal valuation of the good falls with consumption. Under certain assumptions this marginal valuation (the height of the demand curve) can be thought of as a measure of marginal utility. (Note: as Q increases, the individuals marginal valuation falls and hence marginal utility falls the principle of diminishing marginal utility. b. (i) Price elasticity of demand According to law of demand, a drop in price of goods increases the demand of goods. A measure of how much percentage of a good quantity demanded responds to changes of price of that good is price elasticity of demand. If the demand of a good responds considerably to changes in price, demand for a good is elastic. If the demand of a good responds only a bit to changes in the price, then demand for a good is inelastic. In formula, b. (ii) Given: % change in quantity demand of good Z= (200-100)/100 x100 = 100 % change in price of good Z= (5-10)/10 x 100 = -50 Therefore, price of elasticity of demand of good Z= 100/50 = -2 c. (i) The following diagram shows a linear demand curve and the associated marginal revenue curve for a monopolist. The quantity demanded Q which is on the horizontal axis and the price P, on the vertical axis shows a linear demand curve, D for a good. Given that demand is linear, marginal revenue, MR is also linear and has twice the slope: the horizontal intercept of the demand curve, a, is twice that of the marginal revenue curve, a/2. c. (ii) the demand curve has unit elasticity nd = -1 at the point where marginal revenue is equal to zero. The inelastic and elastic regions of the demand curve are those points to the right and left of this point.